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And the evidence seems to fit with this - one study (as summarised in Spinath et al.) found that trait Agreeableness explained 25% of the association between gender and educational success.īut why do girls have more self-discipline in the classroom? The evidence for women being higher than trait conscientiousness than men in general isn’t very good. This isn’t totally surprising - being agreeable at your job might make you less likely to negotiate for a pay increase, but being agreeable at school might make you more likely to get on well with teachers and learn more in class. Although we know that agreeableness is often negatively correlated with income (and there have been claims that this explains some of the gender wage gap), it’s positively correlated with how well you do at school. The other interesting thing is that it seems like agreeableness might explain some of the association. But self-discipline still seems to only explain about 50% of the association between gender and educational attainment. And that holds after controlling for intelligence and other potential confounders.
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So, self-discipline seems like it’s pretty important here. Okay, so what do they find? Well, they look at one study that shows that when you control for self-discipline (which seems pretty similar to trait conscientiousness, although more similar to the ‘industriousness’ component of conscientiousness rather than the ‘orderliness’ component), the association between gender and educational attainment shrinks to non-significance. This helps us with an obvious problem with just looking at personality traits that are correlated with both educational attainment and gender: if it’s the case that gender and educational attainment are correlated, we would expect most personality traits correlated with gender to be correlated with educational attainment. For instance, if it were the case that the correlation between being a girl and doing well at school disappeared when you controlled for trait conscientiousness, we might conclude that the reason that girls do better at school is that they’re more conscientious. The method here is to use mediation analyses - we’re looking at whether the correlation between gender and educational attainment disappears or is diminished when you control for certain variables. They look at every personality trait that is correlated with educational attainment, and check which ones are also correlated with gender. The most interesting paper I’ve found exploring the reasons for the gap is Spinath et al. There’s also some evidence that girls have a small advantage in verbal intelligence and that boys have a small advantage in numerical ability, but the mean IQ of boys and girls does seem to be about equal, so it seems unlikely that this explains why girls do better at school. That isn’t to say that there aren’t any differences between how boys and girls do on IQ tests - a few studies have found that boys show greater variability in IQ (they’re overrepresented among people with very high intelligence and with very low intelligence).
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I think we have pretty good evidence that this isn’t the case - girls don’t score better in IQ tests than boys. The most obvious suggestion is that girls are just smarter than boys. Either way, it’s pretty clear that girls do better than boys at most subjects, even if the difference in maths is debatable. It’s true that there are some studies that suggest that boys do better in maths, but they seem to be outnumbered by those giving girls a small advantage. Noteworthy findings were that the female advantage was largest for language courses (mean d = 0.374, 95% CI ) and smallest for math courses (mean d = 0.069, 95% CI ).” “A small but significant female advantage (mean d = 0.225, 95% CI ) was demonstrated for the overall sample of effect sizes. That’s the finding from Voyer and Voyer’s meta-analysis, in which they note that: Even in subjects where boys are often thought of as performing better than girls (like maths), I think the evidence generally suggests that girls actually outperform boys at school, but the effect size is smaller than for other subjects. This hasn’t always been the case - girls’ grades have been getting a lot better over time. There’s a ton of evidence for this - see here, here, or here. In most developed countries, girls do better than boys at school.